WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.089 --> 00:00:04.980 This video is part two of an exploration on why Sony’s Betamax video recording format 00:00:04.980 --> 00:00:07.790 lost to the more ubiquitous VHS. 00:00:07.790 --> 00:00:12.040 We were comparing these two machines, and we saw how Sony had introduced BetaScan, but 00:00:12.040 --> 00:00:13.840 they had overlooked something. 00:00:13.840 --> 00:00:16.049 Here comes a link to get to part one. 00:00:16.049 --> 00:00:19.750 We left off with me saying that this machine falls flat on its face. 00:00:19.750 --> 00:00:21.685 What’s most important to consumers is 00:00:21.685 --> 00:00:24.039 the machine’s flexibility at recording shows. 00:00:24.039 --> 00:00:27.350 And here’s where the Sony machine falls flat on its face. 00:00:27.350 --> 00:00:29.320 See, that’s where we left off. 00:00:29.320 --> 00:00:30.320 Now, 00:00:30.320 --> 00:00:33.870 In addition to spending time and resources making new features that the buyer didn’t 00:00:33.870 --> 00:00:37.760 know they needed, Sony also seemed to just keep flailing their arms about and making 00:00:37.760 --> 00:00:42.200 stupid decisions about other basic necessities, and it shows in this model. 00:00:42.200 --> 00:00:47.330 Initially, they thought things like timers were silly features to include in their machines. 00:00:47.330 --> 00:00:51.771 As Marc Wielage and Rod Woodcock recall in their piece The Rise and Fall of Beta, one 00:00:51.771 --> 00:00:55.829 Sony executive, when asked why his machines didn’t include a timer when the competition 00:00:55.829 --> 00:01:00.710 did, explained that “Having separate timer allows the consumer to use it for other purposes. 00:01:00.710 --> 00:01:02.350 And not everyone needs timer. 00:01:02.350 --> 00:01:04.790 We do not force you to buy one.” 00:01:04.790 --> 00:01:06.520 Yeah, no. 00:01:06.520 --> 00:01:12.020 While it sounds noble, the whole damn point of a VCR is to time-shift, recording things 00:01:12.020 --> 00:01:13.560 when you’re gone. 00:01:13.560 --> 00:01:15.659 That’s not possible without a timer. 00:01:15.659 --> 00:01:19.049 So selling it as an add-on is only going to piss people off and look like a money-grab. 00:01:19.049 --> 00:01:21.369 Great job, guys. 00:01:21.369 --> 00:01:25.939 While they did come around and include a timer in most of the models, the timer wasn’t 00:01:25.939 --> 00:01:28.560 nearly advanced as what the competition offered. 00:01:28.560 --> 00:01:31.430 The Sony unit has a 3 day, 1 event timer. 00:01:31.430 --> 00:01:35.910 Take a look, programming is pretty simple, you just hold down the program button and pick 00:01:35.910 --> 00:01:36.979 a time. 00:01:36.979 --> 00:01:41.000 Then you select what day, either today--tomorrow, or the day after tomorrow. 00:01:41.000 --> 00:01:43.409 And lastly you choose how long you want it to record for. 00:01:43.409 --> 00:01:47.509 Once you’ve punched that in, you select the channel you want it to record, hold down 00:01:47.509 --> 00:01:50.889 the record button, and move the power switch to timer. 00:01:50.889 --> 00:01:53.219 Not too difficult, but also not too impressive. 00:01:53.219 --> 00:01:56.359 Let’s hope you’re not gone longer than just a weekend. 00:01:56.359 --> 00:01:59.289 And let’s hope there’s only one program you want to record. 00:01:59.289 --> 00:02:02.729 The RCA model, meanwhile, has a 4 event, 7 day timer. 00:02:02.729 --> 00:02:06.340 And it’s actually less frustrating to program, as you don’t have to hold a button down 00:02:06.340 --> 00:02:09.049 while making adjustments at the same time. 00:02:09.049 --> 00:02:13.819 Turn the selector from manual to program, then select which program, a, b, c, or d, 00:02:13.819 --> 00:02:14.819 you want to input. 00:02:14.819 --> 00:02:15.989 First, you pick the day. 00:02:15.989 --> 00:02:20.640 0 is today, 1 tomorrow, 2 the day after tomorrow, etc. 00:02:20.640 --> 00:02:24.690 I’ll admit, that’s not as easy to work out as Sony’s in-your-face wording. 00:02:24.690 --> 00:02:29.689 But it’s way more capable--Also, A means it will record every day. 00:02:29.689 --> 00:02:33.670 That means one program can actually create multiple daily recordings, which is pretty 00:02:33.670 --> 00:02:34.690 neat. 00:02:34.690 --> 00:02:38.540 This lever switches between the start time, and how long you want it to record. 00:02:38.540 --> 00:02:42.459 So, say I want to start at 4 PM, and record for an hour and a half. 00:02:42.459 --> 00:02:47.540 Set the time to 4, turn this to select the length, and then 1 hour thirty minutes. 00:02:47.540 --> 00:02:51.140 This is more versatile than the Sony, as you might want it to start recording a minute 00:02:51.140 --> 00:02:54.959 before your show starts and stop a minute afterwards to make sure nothing is missed. 00:02:54.959 --> 00:02:59.239 You’re not limited to thirty minute increments like here on the Sony. 00:02:59.239 --> 00:03:03.560 But the most important way this machine kicks the pants off the Sony is here. 00:03:03.560 --> 00:03:05.270 Notice how the channel is flashing. 00:03:05.270 --> 00:03:07.170 It wants you to select it. 00:03:07.170 --> 00:03:10.799 That’s right, the RCA machine will change channels for you. 00:03:10.799 --> 00:03:16.659 So, the Sony has BetaScan, but the RCA can record for 6 hours, on 4 different programs 00:03:16.659 --> 00:03:19.629 over a week, and even change channels for you. 00:03:19.629 --> 00:03:21.269 Which one would you buy? 00:03:21.269 --> 00:03:23.609 Sony just didn’t seem to get it. 00:03:23.609 --> 00:03:27.319 They released this device with virtually no regard to how their buyers would actually 00:03:27.319 --> 00:03:28.390 use it. 00:03:28.390 --> 00:03:31.829 The reason people flocked to recording time wasn’t simply that they wanted the machine 00:03:31.829 --> 00:03:36.330 to be able to record a very long program like a football game, it was also that they wanted 00:03:36.330 --> 00:03:40.230 it to be able to record a lot of different programs. 00:03:40.230 --> 00:03:45.450 A six hour recording time means 3 one hour shows and an entire weekday lineup of half-hour 00:03:45.450 --> 00:03:49.930 daily programming could be recorded on a single tape with room to spare. 00:03:49.930 --> 00:03:54.840 But to do that automatically, you need a timer that can start more than just one recording. 00:03:54.840 --> 00:03:59.879 So while Sony caved and produced the Beta 3 speed, it was rather obtuse to not also 00:03:59.879 --> 00:04:03.689 add a complicated timer that can manage more than one program. 00:04:03.689 --> 00:04:08.190 Now to be fair, this RCA machine was probably a little more expensive than the Sony. 00:04:08.190 --> 00:04:12.660 Poking around online shows that the Sony retailed for, are you sitting down? 00:04:12.660 --> 00:04:17.110 One thousand 2 hundred fifty dollars, eek, and although I don’t have a firm price for 00:04:17.110 --> 00:04:23.039 the RCA model, this price chart from Popular Mechanics shows the Panasonic PV-1600, probably 00:04:23.039 --> 00:04:27.520 the exact same machine internally as this one given its features, at $1295. 00:04:27.520 --> 00:04:32.500 But, this is for the absolute whiz-bang most complicated VCR on the market. 00:04:32.500 --> 00:04:36.430 As their ads proclaimed, nobody gives you more VCR than RCA. 00:04:36.430 --> 00:04:37.870 But what about lesser-models? 00:04:37.870 --> 00:04:42.919 Remember, I said that jumbled mess of how this machine came to be made was important. 00:04:42.919 --> 00:04:47.860 That’s because JVC was super-OK with other companies paying them a licensing fee to make 00:04:47.860 --> 00:04:53.220 their own VHS machines, and tons of companies offered VCRs from the most basic machines 00:04:53.220 --> 00:04:57.240 with a mechanical clock-timer to the crazy advanced ones like these. 00:04:57.240 --> 00:05:01.870 This meant there was a lot of competition between manufacturers, and prices for VHS 00:05:01.870 --> 00:05:04.900 machines tended to stay lower than their Beta counterparts. 00:05:04.900 --> 00:05:09.860 A VHS model sporting a 3 day, one event timer like this Beta model may have cost a few hundred 00:05:09.860 --> 00:05:14.990 less, in fact this chart shows a Panasonic unit available for 995, although it can’t 00:05:14.990 --> 00:05:20.610 record at the SLP speed (not that it mattered all that much as a T-160 at LP was still more 00:05:20.610 --> 00:05:24.330 recording time than an L-810 at Beta 3). 00:05:24.330 --> 00:05:28.750 Now, sony did eventually come around and produce Beta machines for others, for example Sony 00:05:28.750 --> 00:05:32.759 produced some machines under the Zenith name, and they didn’t all out refuse to allow 00:05:32.759 --> 00:05:38.270 licensing--Sanyo and Toshiba both made Beta machines later on, as well as others. 00:05:38.270 --> 00:05:43.539 But the menagerie of VHS VCRs to choose from kept manufacturers in a price war with each 00:05:43.539 --> 00:05:49.440 other, and thus it was very common for a similarly-specced VHS machine to cost hundreds of dollars less 00:05:49.440 --> 00:05:50.860 than a Beta model. 00:05:50.860 --> 00:05:53.670 Was sony completely wrong to avoid licensing? 00:05:53.670 --> 00:05:54.850 Perhaps not. 00:05:54.850 --> 00:05:59.310 The price war amongst VHS manufacturers meant they had to cut costs to compete with each 00:05:59.310 --> 00:06:04.409 other, and thus the machines tended to be less well made than Beta machines, with some 00:06:04.409 --> 00:06:05.680 cut corners. 00:06:05.680 --> 00:06:10.169 But usually they were just as reliable as Sony’s machines, and details like a dampened 00:06:10.169 --> 00:06:14.630 cassette drawer and soft-touch buttons don’t mean much to the shopper if you can save a 00:06:14.630 --> 00:06:16.669 few hundred bucks by avoiding them. 00:06:16.669 --> 00:06:21.150 Plus, the intense competition between VHS manufacturers meant they had to compete with 00:06:21.150 --> 00:06:25.740 each other on features as well, so these companies were quickly learning what features mattered 00:06:25.740 --> 00:06:30.879 most to consumers, like decent timers, whereas Sony just kept chugging along doing their 00:06:30.879 --> 00:06:35.120 thing without stopping to ask what the consumer actually desired. 00:06:35.120 --> 00:06:38.180 So again, which one of these would you buy? 00:06:38.180 --> 00:06:43.629 This RCA unit, with its extremely versatile timer and 6 hour recording time, or this Sony, 00:06:43.629 --> 00:06:48.860 with its one event timer, 4.5 hours recording time, and nice eject mechanism? 00:06:48.860 --> 00:06:51.350 Oh, and don’t forget BetaScan! 00:06:51.350 --> 00:06:56.740 But my favorite detail about this machine in particular is the recording speed selector. 00:06:56.740 --> 00:07:00.520 Notice how it chooses between Beta 2 and 3. 00:07:00.520 --> 00:07:01.939 Where's 1? 00:07:01.939 --> 00:07:07.860 Sony basically admitted, in 1979, mind you, they effed up by proclaiming, well we know 00:07:07.860 --> 00:07:11.419 beta 1 is useless, so let’s just not let you use it anymore. 00:07:11.419 --> 00:07:15.960 This was only 4 years after the entire format was released! 00:07:15.960 --> 00:07:20.520 This model has a switch to let you use Beta 1, but it’s located on the back under this 00:07:20.520 --> 00:07:23.870 cover cause they really just don’t want you to think about it anymore. 00:07:23.870 --> 00:07:27.379 This is particularly hilarious because the Beta 1 speed offered a slightly better picture 00:07:27.379 --> 00:07:32.840 quality than VHS SP, which led many people to sing praises about Beta’s better picture, 00:07:32.840 --> 00:07:38.320 but since Beta 2 became the standard it was essentially like recording on VHS LP all the 00:07:38.320 --> 00:07:41.080 time, so the quality became pretty similar, in fact 00:07:41.080 --> 00:07:44.260 you could say Beta 2 looks--and sounds, given the slower linear 00:07:44.260 --> 00:07:48.780 tape speed on non-hifi machines) slightly worse than VHS SP. 00:07:48.860 --> 00:07:51.442 We interrupt this program for a quick message: 00:07:51.442 --> 00:07:53.800 OK, you can’t say things like that without 00:07:53.819 --> 00:07:55.639 some people losing their minds in the comments. 00:07:55.640 --> 00:07:59.780 Here’s some footage recorded on a VHS VCR at the SP speed. 00:08:07.940 --> 00:08:11.180 OK, now here’s the same footage on Beta at Beta 2. 00:08:19.720 --> 00:08:21.380 Now here they are side by side. 00:08:21.380 --> 00:08:25.420 I will admit that this is using a newer VHS machine than the Beta one, 00:08:25.420 --> 00:08:29.560 not that this is a huge surprise given VHS machines were made long after Beta machines 00:08:29.600 --> 00:08:32.020 and the Beta machine isn’t in perfect shape. 00:08:32.060 --> 00:08:33.690 But it still looks pretty similar. 00:08:33.690 --> 00:08:34.790 Oh, and sound. 00:08:34.790 --> 00:08:36.560 Here’s a clip from VHS SP. 00:08:45.220 --> 00:08:46.380 Now Beta 2. 00:08:54.560 --> 00:08:55.840 So, decide for yourself. 00:08:55.850 --> 00:08:59.810 I’ll upload another video with all of this footage and details on my methodology. 00:08:59.810 --> 00:09:02.680 And a little card will be appear right about now if it’s ready. 00:09:02.680 --> 00:09:06.852 Personally I don’t see a difference, and technical data is remarkably similar between 00:09:06.852 --> 00:09:07.852 the two. 00:09:07.852 --> 00:09:11.230 But I’ll stay out of this, go ahead and argue amongst yourselves, if you please. 00:09:11.230 --> 00:09:16.840 So, in 1979, just 4 years after its release, Beta was struggling to justify its existence. 00:09:16.840 --> 00:09:20.820 Now you might think that Sony would try and find a way to differentiate beta from VHS 00:09:20.820 --> 00:09:23.820 to give a concrete reason to buy a beta machine. 00:09:23.820 --> 00:09:25.090 And try they did. 00:09:25.090 --> 00:09:28.430 But every time they offered a new feature, either they went about it in the complete 00:09:28.430 --> 00:09:34.050 wrong way and shot themselves in the foot, or VHS just copied it. 00:09:34.050 --> 00:09:35.050 For example: 00:09:35.050 --> 00:09:38.180 In 1983, Sony released Beta HiFi. 00:09:38.180 --> 00:09:41.490 Look at us!, they said, CD-quality sound on videotape! 00:09:41.490 --> 00:09:43.460 VHS will never match that. 00:09:43.460 --> 00:09:44.900 Guess what. 00:09:44.900 --> 00:09:45.900 They did. 00:09:45.900 --> 00:09:46.900 In 1984. 00:09:46.900 --> 00:09:53.240 Then, in 1985 Sony released SuperBeta, a slightly-better picture quality standard boosting image quality 00:09:53.240 --> 00:09:56.530 by shifting the Y carrier, whatever that means. 00:09:56.530 --> 00:09:58.690 VHS will never copy that! 00:09:58.690 --> 00:09:59.750 Guess what? 00:09:59.750 --> 00:10:03.120 They did, creating the VHS HQ standard. 00:10:03.120 --> 00:10:07.170 To be fair this wasn’t nearly the improvement that SuperBeta was, particularly since many 00:10:07.170 --> 00:10:12.930 manufacturers resisted its implementation due to cost and JVC was forced to reduce the 00:10:12.930 --> 00:10:16.000 minumum specs for it, but still. 00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:21.020 Interestingly VHS actually far and away leapfrogged SuperBeta with the introduction of SuperVHS 00:10:21.020 --> 00:10:25.750 (I wonder where they got the idea for that name), or S-VHS in 1987. 00:10:25.750 --> 00:10:31.420 S-VHS was almost a 60% increase in resolution over standard VHS, much more than the 20% 00:10:31.420 --> 00:10:33.760 improvement achieved by SuperBeta. 00:10:33.760 --> 00:10:38.020 Sony wouldn’t match that until the next year with Extended Definition-Beta, actually 00:10:38.020 --> 00:10:42.940 called ED-Beta, a fitting name given how difficult it seemed for Sony to produce a meaningful 00:10:42.940 --> 00:10:44.110 rise in sales. 00:10:44.110 --> 00:10:48.642 Really, though, both SuperVHS and ED-Beta weren’t ever all that relevant due to their 00:10:48.642 --> 00:10:51.690 high cost compared to their standard counterparts. 00:10:51.690 --> 00:10:56.990 But one of Sony’s ultimate missteps was their idea of a camcorder--Betamovie. 00:10:56.990 --> 00:11:00.600 Sony figured that the smaller cassette of Beta would work to their advantage, allowing 00:11:00.600 --> 00:11:04.050 them to create a smaller all-in-one camera than the competition. 00:11:04.050 --> 00:11:05.290 Great. 00:11:05.290 --> 00:11:10.020 While their camera was pretty small for its time, they had to sacrifice a lot to make 00:11:10.020 --> 00:11:11.020 it work. 00:11:11.020 --> 00:11:14.750 Namely, the ability of the camera to play a tape back! 00:11:14.750 --> 00:11:18.720 They performed some weird technical magic to shrink the video transport down to where 00:11:18.720 --> 00:11:22.790 it would record onto the tape in a completely strange fashion that would work fine once 00:11:22.790 --> 00:11:27.480 removed from the camera and placed in a normal VCR, but which could not be played back by 00:11:27.480 --> 00:11:29.310 the very device that recorded it. 00:11:29.310 --> 00:11:32.250 I’m sorry, but how stupid is that? 00:11:32.250 --> 00:11:36.480 Since there was no ability to review what you recorded in-camera, Sony also decided 00:11:36.480 --> 00:11:41.640 that an electronic viewfinder wasn’t necessary, and instead just gave you an optical one. 00:11:41.640 --> 00:11:46.550 So, not only could you not be sure if the shot was in focus or if exposure was OK while 00:11:46.550 --> 00:11:50.540 recording, but you would have no way of reviewing your footage till you could get home and pop 00:11:50.540 --> 00:11:52.640 the tape in your VCR. 00:11:52.640 --> 00:11:55.840 As you can imagine, sales weren’t great. 00:11:55.840 --> 00:12:02.070 Meanwhile, JVC actually had a pretty clever idea and created the VHS-C format in 1982, 00:12:02.070 --> 00:12:06.750 which were small cassettes that only held a half hour of footage at SP speed (90 minutes, 00:12:06.750 --> 00:12:11.630 at SLP) but which contained honest-to-goodness VHS recordings on them. 00:12:11.630 --> 00:12:15.960 These cameras were smaller than Sony’s incredibly dumb Betamovie, and the machines could play 00:12:15.960 --> 00:12:17.440 the tapes back! 00:12:17.440 --> 00:12:22.050 Best of all, they simply go into an adapter for playback in a normal VCR. 00:12:22.050 --> 00:12:24.600 Sony wishes they thought of that, for sure. 00:12:24.600 --> 00:12:29.020 Sony eventually released the Video8 and then Hi8 formats which were formidable competitors 00:12:29.020 --> 00:12:34.320 to VHS-C, but since no one in their right mind would purchase a dedicated Video8 VCR, 00:12:34.320 --> 00:12:38.600 you’d have to watch your movies with the camcorder plugged into the TV or you’d have 00:12:38.600 --> 00:12:43.940 to dub from the camcorder to a standard VCR, which reduced the quality of the second generation 00:12:43.940 --> 00:12:44.940 copies. 00:12:44.940 --> 00:12:50.200 I’ll tell you my family was on team VHS-C, and we have the bins of tapes to prove it. 00:12:50.200 --> 00:12:54.940 Hi8 produced a much sharper picture than VHS, but again, unless you wanted to plug your 00:12:54.940 --> 00:12:59.690 camcorder into your TV every time you watch home movies, you have to dub it onto a normal 00:12:59.690 --> 00:13:00.730 tape anyway. 00:13:00.730 --> 00:13:06.050 In retrospect, it seems like Sony kept failing to put themselves in their customer’s shoes. 00:13:06.050 --> 00:13:09.040 Right from the start they were doomed because of their small cassette. 00:13:09.040 --> 00:13:14.100 If they had done research to determine how people would actually use a VCR, they probably 00:13:14.100 --> 00:13:17.880 would have found that recording time was more important, and they probably would’ve taken 00:13:17.880 --> 00:13:20.560 the effort to have a sophisticated timer. 00:13:20.560 --> 00:13:24.670 So if the Beta cassette had been made with VHS-like capacity, it’s likely Beta would 00:13:24.670 --> 00:13:26.150 have won the war. 00:13:26.150 --> 00:13:28.220 After all, they had a year’s head start. 00:13:28.220 --> 00:13:32.240 But people flocked to VHS because it was simply more flexible. 00:13:32.240 --> 00:13:36.350 Impressive trick features and niceties like the feather-lite buttons are of no use if 00:13:36.350 --> 00:13:38.950 the machine doesn’t do what you need it to do. 00:13:38.950 --> 00:13:44.250 By the mid 1980s, sales between Beta and VHS were pretty lopsided. 00:13:44.250 --> 00:13:47.440 Far more people owned VHS machines than Beta. 00:13:47.440 --> 00:13:51.950 Naturally, when pre-recorded tapes with movies and what-not began to be sold under the brand 00:13:51.950 --> 00:13:58.580 new product called “Home Video”, sales of VHS copies were always stronger than Beta. 00:13:58.580 --> 00:14:03.370 This led economies of scale to rear its ugly head, and for movie studios, producing Beta 00:14:03.370 --> 00:14:07.120 copies of their latest home-release was more expensive than VHS. 00:14:07.120 --> 00:14:12.290 So, either movie studios had to charge more for Beta, which was unpopular and only further 00:14:12.290 --> 00:14:17.420 annoyed Beta loyalists, or they simply made less profit on each Beta sale, which annoyed 00:14:17.420 --> 00:14:18.650 shareholders. 00:14:18.650 --> 00:14:22.790 By the late 1980s, most movie studios had decided to altogether stop releasing their 00:14:22.790 --> 00:14:24.480 films on Beta. 00:14:24.480 --> 00:14:25.480 Not. 00:14:25.480 --> 00:14:26.480 Good. 00:14:26.480 --> 00:14:31.920 To many people, 1988 marked the end of Beta, as this was the year that Sony caved and started 00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:35.120 marketing their own VHS machines. (Gasp) 00:14:35.120 --> 00:14:37.240 The history of the videotape format war is 00:14:37.240 --> 00:14:40.450 interesting, but in my view hilariously one-sided. 00:14:40.450 --> 00:14:44.050 Sure, Sony was first to market, but they just kept screwing up! 00:14:44.050 --> 00:14:48.860 It’s like watching a cartoon where the protagonist repeatedly slips on a banana peel. 00:14:48.860 --> 00:14:51.500 Is it fair to say it was all Sony’s fault? 00:14:51.500 --> 00:14:52.500 Not really. 00:14:52.500 --> 00:14:55.240 After all, VHS kept copying their developments. 00:14:55.240 --> 00:14:58.010 But Sony trapped themselves with this cassette. 00:14:58.010 --> 00:15:00.350 4.5 hours isn’t enough. 00:15:00.350 --> 00:15:02.460 Even the name wasn’t a good idea. 00:15:02.460 --> 00:15:08.470 Beta kind of implies second, as in the second best, the fallback, the reserve, number two, 00:15:08.470 --> 00:15:09.490 the alternative option. 00:15:09.490 --> 00:15:11.660 Alpha might have been better. 00:15:11.660 --> 00:15:12.960 Hell, even Epsilon. 00:15:12.960 --> 00:15:15.710 Anything but “not quite first”. 00:15:15.710 --> 00:15:20.090 And there were plenty of annoying little details that plagued Beta, like the one-sided cassette 00:15:20.090 --> 00:15:24.020 window, and their strange decision to label tapes based on actual physical length and 00:15:24.020 --> 00:15:26.090 not recording time. 00:15:26.090 --> 00:15:30.970 Sony famously did win their second big format war, back in 2006 when Blu-Ray was fighting 00:15:30.970 --> 00:15:32.450 HDDVD. 00:15:32.450 --> 00:15:35.980 So at least we can say with a fair bit of certainty that they did indeed learn from 00:15:35.980 --> 00:15:36.980 their mistakes. 00:15:36.980 --> 00:15:41.870 Oh, and their 1982 release of a new product co-developed with Philips went very well for 00:15:41.870 --> 00:15:43.560 them--that new product? 00:15:43.560 --> 00:15:45.500 The compact disc, or CD. 00:15:45.500 --> 00:15:47.240 I hope you enjoyed this video! 00:15:47.240 --> 00:15:52.020 If you did, I humbly ask that you hit the like button and subscribe to Technology Connections. 00:15:52.020 --> 00:15:54.920 I’m doing my best to keep videos like this headed your way. 00:15:55.080 --> 00:15:55.880 I’ll see you next time!